Business Morals and Social Responsibilities Essay

Business Morals and Social Responsibilities - Essay Example Business organizations through the code of ethics benefit in enhancing their reputation and winning the trust of its clients. For instance, Nike’s code of ethics has assisted the organization to regains its reputation that was ruined by activities carried out by its contractors in Asia. However, like in the case of Nike, the code of ethics may influence the profits of business organizations. For instance, Nike developed its code of ethics following criticism over the unethical activities carried out by their contractors in Asia. The contractors unethically used labor from the poor communities in Asia to, cheaply, produce products for Nike. Nike’s high profits came from utilizing these activities that were orchestrated by their contractors in Asian countries (The Blake project 2008). Since the creation of the code of ethics, Nike’s profit reduced since they have to observe and adhere to the contents of that code of ethics. Society’s expectation for corporat e social responsibility may only change for the better. Corporate social responsibility affects the business’ profitability in a great manner. For instance, Nike’s major corporate social responsibility is to produce quality footwear for its customers. Compromising the quality of its products will lead to great losses and tarnishing the image of the company (Kidd 2008). It also has a social responsibility to produce its products without harming the eco-system. It is evident how business organizations work towards achieving their corporate social responsibilities. For instance, Nike has developed Nike environmental design tool to produce products with higher sustainability standards (Nikebiz).

Media Coursework Report Essay Example for Free

Media Coursework Report Essay For my AS Media coursework, I chose to use fashion as the genre of my magazine. To help with my pre-production, I had to perform my own qualitative and quantitative research into fashion magazines and find out what my target audience of 15-19 year old girls would want from it. I went on to create the preliminary products which included the front cover and contents page, and from these the main products which were the alternative front cover and double page spread. These were all produced using Photoshop. I began by creating a questionnaire, as this is an effective way of finding out what my target audience will be looking for in a fashion magazine. I included 8 questions which asked some general questions into what the participant is interested in, and some into what they would like to see in a fashion magazine, to help me create my front cover and contents page. I gave 20 questionnaires out to other students aged 16-19 as this fits my target audience. By analysing the results of the questionnaire, I found out a range of information to help my design my front cover. The participants chose  £2.50 as the appropriate price and for the magazine to be produced monthly, which I will apply when creating the front cover. 80% of participants said they would be more likely to pick up the magazine if there was a celebrity on the cover. Therefore, I will ask a friend to pose as a celebrity to make it more appealing to my target audience. 50% of participants wanted to see interviews in the magazine and 30% wanted genre-specific features (in this case, it will be fashion, clothes etc.) which I will make sure to include in the contents page. I formed a focus group with other AS Media students in my class. They were all females, ranged from the ages 16-17, and had an interest in fashion, making them representative of my target audience. I asked them if I should put just one image on the front cover, or add smaller ones around the page to show what’s included inside. The feedback I received was very helpful, and led me to use just the one main photo for my preliminary front cover and  my main front cover, to keep the brand consistent. This keeps it looking professional and stops the page from looking overcrowded and trashy. By textually analysing fashion magazines currently on the market, I discovered a recurring theme among them. The bigger magazines (Vogue, Elle) have been around for much longer, and their cover stars overlap the masthead. However, when analysing Look, I noticed that the masthead overlapped the cover star, suggesting that this magazine is new and lesser known. From this, I decided to have the whole masthead of my magazine visible by audiences for my preliminary front cover as it is new and allows audiences to recognise the brand in future. I then chose to overlap part of the masthead on my main front cover with the cover star, as it is a later issue and audiences should then be able to recognise it. The content analysis allowed me to see what’s included in fashion magazines. This helped when compiling the contents page. Obviously the main part of a fashion magazine is the fashion itself. However, it also includes items related to hair and beauty, interviews, articles, advice and special features. I made sure to include all of these when designing my contents page, but I chose to keep the main focus on fashion. I decided to target my magazine towards teenage girls aged between 15 and 19. I thought this was a good range, as girls in their teens will have a more developed sense of style. From my institutional research, I discovered that many fashion magazines were targeted towards women in their 20s and 30s, and decided to aim mine at a teenage audience. Audiences for fashion magazines such as Vogue and Elle were predominantly female; therefore it was important to include items in the contents and on the cover that would attract a female audience. I also tried to use feminine colours where appropriate in the magazine to indicate the target audience. I also made sure my focus group was a good representation of my target audience, thus making sure they had a clear interest in fashion and fit the age category, which they did. I created my preliminary and main products using Adobe Photoshop which had all the necessary tools I needed to create a realistic and professional  magazine. By comparing my magazine in relation to Vogue, I am able to see the strengths and weaknesses of my production. I began by selecting the images I would use for each page. I used a Fujifilm Finepix S2950 to capture the photos. The models used direct mode of address as this is the most effective way of attracting the audience. I used a hairdryer to create the effect of wind blowing the model’s hair. I chose to use an image with a light background, with a model wearing spring clothing. I think this helped to make the cover look more professional as Vogue often incorporates the colours of the magazine to fit the season. I increased the contrast of the image to make it look brighter and more appealing. I then went on to create puffs around the image, and used only ‘Century Gothic’ font to keep it simple and sophisticated. I used a dark blue for the text as it contrasted well with the pink clothing that the model wore. I made sure to include small details as well, including the bar code, price and date to make the product more realistic. I was very pleased with the outcome of my preliminary front cover as it looked professional in relation to magazines on the market today, and had a similar style to that of Vogue magazine. My next task was the contents page, and from the research I did I was able to see what needed to be included. I wanted to keep it consistent, and so I used the same masthead from the front cover and used it at the top of the contents page. This was used in InStyle’s contents page. I also used the same colour scheme as the front cover, to show that the two are related. I kept the text in columns and split the content into sections, which is what I noticed InStyle and Vogue did when I researched them. I also noticed in the Vogue contents page that there was some information about the front cover image, so I decided to include that in my own, with information on where to buy the clothes. I was quite pleased with the result of my contents page, as I spent a lot of time on it. However, I felt that there was too much white space that could have been filled in. It may have been a good idea to add in some borders to give the page some depth. For the alternative cover, I made sure I kept the same font style and size for my masthead. This is because it is important to keep the brand recognisable. I asked my focus group if this was a good idea and they  agreed, saying it would keep it consistent and professional. All magazines do this, but fashion magazines such as Vogue and Elle often change the colour every month to fit with the theme. I have decided to do the same in my own production, by changing the colour of the masthead and the puffs to a maroon colour, to tie in with the month and season. It also contrasted well with the cover model’s blue dress. Like Vogue, I made sure I kept three puffs around the edges of the main image, to stop them from overlapping. I am really pleased with the outcome of this as I think it could pass as a real magazine. I then went on to create the double page spread in A3 size, and selected my image to cover the whole background. This meant there was no white space left around the edges, but there was still space to put some text. I wanted the image to take up dominant space on the page to catch the reader’s eye, which is what I noticed was used in Vogue’s double page spread. I brightened the image and removed some blemishes on the model to try and reach a flawless image, as perfection is one of the main selling points for a fashion magazine. I set the text out in two columns, as this is the layout that most magazines use, including Vogue. I used ‘Rage Italic’ for the headline, which is what I used for the headline on the cover, to keep a consistent house style. I also added page numbers to the bottom corners, as these small details help to build up a realistic product. I feel that my magazine is very similar to a professional product and would stand out in the market place. It follows the codes and conventions of a typical fashion magazine, and is aesthetically pleasing for the target audience. If I were to change anything, I would make the front cover masthead slightly larger, to make it more eye-catching.

Anti -semitism :: essays research papers

Stop and think about this for a second. What if someone was torturing and killing other innocent human beings by the millions using methods of starving, shooting, gassing, burning, and hanging. You might say, “Oh, that could never happen.'; Well it has. During World War II, millions of innocent human beings were killed, all because of one man who had an obsession for power and supremacy. This man that I speak of is an anti-Semitist, meaning someone who is prejudiced against Jews or another race. This man along with his many other followers thought Jews were an alien race. Throughout this paper you will find out who this man is, what he did, why he did it. Also, you will learn about what life was like for the Jews during this time. After reading this I hope that you will have a better idea of what anti-Semitism is and how one man’s obsession turned to millions of lost lives. The man I mentioned in the first paragraph obviously had a name. His name was Adolf Hitler. Let me give you some background information on him. He was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. His father was a minor customs official and his mother was a peasant girl. He never completed high school and was a poor student. He twice applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but was not accepted for lack of talent. He read large amounts of books which helped him develop an anti-Jewish and anti-democratic attitude. Hitler fought in World War I for the Bavarian army. Although a courageous soldier he was never promoted above private first class because he was lacking in leadership qualities. In September 1919 he joined the nationalist German Workers’ Party. In April of 1920 he went to work full time for the newly renamed National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. In 1921 he was elected party chairman and given dictorial powers. By this time he had developed e xtreme racist qualities and an extreme hate for Jews. In 1923 he tried to seize Bavaria but had no success. There was an increase in the number of Nazi’s between the years of 1929 and 1930. Hitler was then appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler started a campaign to destroy world Jewry. He met with high ranking officials and created the final solution to the Jewish problem, and in 1933 the first of many German concentration camps was built.

Free Siddhartha Essays: The Search in Siddartha :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

The Search in Siddartha "Siddartha" is a book of a man’s struggle to find his true self. But his searching leads him in all the wrong directions. Then finally after a long journey he stops looking. During his search he discovers four things, what the â€Å"oneness† of life is, how the four noble truths affect everything, enlightenment, wisdom and love. On page 142 and 143 Siddartha realizes that Atmen or the â€Å"oneness† of life is in everything. That no matter who you are whether the Buddha, the dice player, or robber, â€Å"everything is Brahman.† Even a rock is said to have Atmen, because eventually the rock would dissolve and become material for a human body. He understood that the human being needed certain outlets to release emotions, such as lust, desires, and wants. The four noble truths encapsulates the idea’s of Siddartha, where he believes that the human needs outlets. Throughout the book Siddartha, he struggles with his desire to find himself. In his life Siddartha was a Brahmin’s son, a Samana, a lover, and a merchant. Through his life he realized that no matter what you are, everything suffers. He also learned that most of his sufferings come from his own desires. As seen by his want for Kamala’s love, he did almost anything for that love. Finally Siddartha realized that everything that fulfilled his desires was all illusion. In the end he became a ferryman and the realization of what life was all about hit him; everything revolves around everything else and one must live life and enjoy it. Realization of himself came in two stages, the first was when he left Gotama, coming to the river on page 41 and 42. He realized that he had always tried to follow after the ways and in the paths of others, but now he needed to follow his desires and to just live life. The second time Siddartha was enlightened he was sitting by the same river with Vasudeva, on page 136 and 137, he realized that he must not fight against his destiny. This enlightenment actually came when he described, to Govina on page 143, what he thought life actually was. It was not Samsara or Nirvana, but it was the realization that life is only illusion, a person just does what he can. Siddartha, on page 34, did not believe that a person could gain â€Å"salvation through teachings,† but that a person needed to find his salvation through himself and no words could ever describe one’s enlightenment when he found it.

Feminism and Sexuality in Eudora Welty’s Delta Wedding Essay

Eudora Welty’s Delta Wedding is a very complex novel, in spite of the apparent simplicity of the plot: at first sight, the story only describes the family life of the Fairchilds in the Mississippi Delta. The book only covers approximately one week of the year 1923 and revolves around the preparations for the wedding and the wedding itself of the prettiest daughter of the family, Dabney Fairchild to Troy Flavin. Although the plot is quite simple, the book is crammed with numerous characters and the intricate web of relations between them, and has a rich symbolism. First of all, the text reveals Welty’s ideas about knowledge and the perception of reality: the numerous voices in her fiction have different ways of looking at reality and of knowing, and the author emphasizes these differences. Ellen and George seem to be the characters that have a way of looking at the world which comes very close to that of Welty herself. Her fiction imitates the same pattern of knowing, by leaving out reason and systematic thought, and apprehending the surrounding universe in its wholeness, as when one contemplates a landscape without thinking of anything else, as nine year old Laura does, when she looks out of the window of the train: â€Å"Thoughts went out of her head and the landscape filled it.†(Welty, 1946, p. 4) Thus, Welty’s fiction seems to borrow the technique of photography by capturing in a single shot both the apparent reality and the essence of this reality. As Welty notices in her essay, Writer’s Beginnings quoted by Carson (1992), the role of writing is to make one single picture of the inner and external aspect of every thing, or as Carson puts it, to put two pictures in a single frame: â€Å"A lamp I knew of was a view of London till it was lit; but then it was the Great Fire of London, and you could go beautifully to sleep by it. The lamp alight is the combination of internal and external, glowing at the imagination as one; and so is the good novel. Seeing that these inner and outer surfaces do lie so close together and so implicit in each other, the wonder is that human life so often separates them, or appears to, and it takes a good novel to put them back together.†(Carson, 1992, p.17) The world of the Fairchilds, as described in Delta Wedding, is rich and complex precisely because the reader constantly gets the impression he is looking at more pictures in a single frame at the same time, or at more layers of reality: the glimpses into the inner lives of all the characters which seem to appear on the scene all at once plus the picturesque descriptions of the Southern world, with its customs and traditions make up a very complex tableau, which perfectly imitates the impressions we may have when reviewing our day-to- day lives. The world of the Fairchilds which seems to be so particular and impermeable as to be a world in itself, with its own spirit, can be extended in fact as a picture of human societies in general. The world of the plantations is a world dominated by women, by their culture and femininity, which resemble that of Virginia Woolf. This is not to say however, that the women actually have the power in since their rule is limited to the life of the household and the family, while being completely separated from the rest of the world. Still, the limited universe of the household is like a matriarchy, in which motherhood, nursing and all the trivial affairs related to daily life, like cooking are the most potent symbols. It is very important to note thus that Welty’s feminism consists precisely of maintaining the traditional in her fiction and, at the same time opening the ways to freedom for the women, be that sexual or intellectual. There are many signs of the assertion of female sexuality, especially in Robbie’s relation to George for example, or in Shelley’s rejection of marriage and implicitly, of male domination. Sexuality, as the affirmation of the female body, best represents the idea of freedom and liberation of the woman, who no longer avoids her own identity. Robbie’s desire of finding her place in her own marriage through her sexuality is very significant for Welty’s presentation of the women. Thus, Welty represents a powerful feminine world, in which, although all the traditional patriarchal patterns are still preserved, the women impose their own modes of thinking and their own identity through the very traditions which are considered to be the reason for their enslavement. Thus, in many parts of the story the traditional way of thinking of the aunts imposes itself over and over again. For example, although the aunts know that Dabney is probably pregnant and is forced to rush into the marriage with Troy, they keep silent on the theme, not being willing to inquire further than the mere surface of facts, as Dabney complains:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"They don’t make me say if I love Troy or if I don’t, Dabney was thinking, clicking her heels in the pantry. But by the time she came back to the porch, the flowers in a Mason jar of water, she knew she would never say anything about love after all, if they didn’t want her to. Suppose they were afraid to ask her, little old aunts.† (Welty, 1946, p.48) As Carson comments, the aunts’ attitude is cause exactly by the way in which the Fairchilds are used to look at the world: they always stay on the surface of things and relations, seeing happiness and love everywhere, without really being aware of their or of the others’ identity as individuals: â€Å"One of the reasons the family fails to know each other as individuals [†¦] is that they are so conscious of each other as part of the family.†(Carson, 1992, p. 78) This way of knowing seems to be proper of the Fairchild spirit, and is the same as Carson (1992) describes as ‘tyrannical’, attempting at categorizing and dividing everything, instead of looking for the essence of reality:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The knowledge that deals only with facts; the knowledge that aims at control and manipulation; the knowledge that puts things and people into boxes and bottles and categories–this is tyrannical knowledge, and it is the way of knowing that most people settle for. George’s knowing is different. He â€Å"could have lifted a finger and touched, held the butterfly, but he did not† (p. 37): without possessing the butterfly–and thus perhaps killing it–he makes it part of himself.† (Carson, 1992, p. 83) As Ellen perceives it, the essence of life consist of the repetitions and the cycles and even the monotony of everything: â€Å"The repeating fields, the repeating cycles of season and her own life–there was something in the monotony itself that was beautiful, rewarding–perhaps to what was womanly within her. No, she had never had time–much time at all, to contemplate [†¦] but she knew. (Welty, 1946, p. 240) This negation of reasoning, and the impressionist way of looking at reality are again a sign of the femininity that dominates the world Welty describes. It is clear then, that in this restricted social circle the women are powerful precisely because they dominate through their pattern of thinking as well as through their mastery of the household: â€Å"[†¦]the women of the Fairchilds who since the Civil War, or – who knew? – since the Indian times, ran the household and had everything at their fingertips – not the men.†(Welty, 1946, p.8) Ann Romines who discuses feminism in Delta Wedding emphasized the recurrence, among the other symbols for the household, of the cakes and recipes, which are somehow blended with the women’s thoughts: â€Å"To read Delta Wedding, one must follow the cues suggested by the Delta women’s culture: one must read the cakes. The novel’s women are practiced in such reading. Next day, when offered a slice of Ellen’s completed cake, Aunt Tempe takes one bite and exclaims, â€Å"Oh, Mashula’s coconut!† (Romines, 1997, p. 603)Thus, the recipes which blend with women’s thoughts in the text signal a strong female culture, which does not however deny the traditional role of the woman in society. The feminism of the novel is constructed thus without departing from tradition and Welty points thus to the fact that a feminine culture has always existed, even if it manifested itself differently from the male culture. Reference List: Carson, B. H. (1992). Eudora Welty: two pictures at once in her frame. Troy: Whitston. Romines, A.(1997). Reading the cakes: ‘Delta Wedding’ and the texts of Southern women’s culture. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mississippi Quarterly, 50 (4) 601-609 Welty, E. (1946). Delta wedding. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Free Essays on Patriarchy In Romeo & Juliet

in the scene threaten her disownment and possible death: An you’l... Free Essays on Patriarchy In Romeo & Juliet Free Essays on Patriarchy In Romeo & Juliet Patriarchal Politics in Fair Verona The imagery in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet reflects and often supports the time period’s stereotypes of men and women and their certain function and responsibilities in society. Shakespeare’s figurative language throughout the play portrays women with the following traits in relationship to men; silence, obedience, sexual chastity, patience and humility. This patriarchal potency is the root of conflict in the play and ends up causing the â€Å"star cross’d lovers’† demise. The role of women in Verona is made clear early on in the play. In the first scene you witness a conversation between Sampson and Gregory, both Capulet kinsmen. When Sampson says â€Å"†¦therefore women, being the weaker vessels†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" we see a definite distinction between who they consider inferior and superior. He then says, â€Å"I will be civil with the maids. I will cut off their heads.† To that he adds â€Å"or their maidenheads.† By saying this he assumes a patriarchal role of divine judge while comparing rape with execution, implying that either one would be a just punishment. This quote shows how important it was for a man in Verona to hold power over his inferiors, specifically women. The patriarchal power structure in the Capulet family, where Juliet’s father controls the action of each family member, places Juliet in an extremely vulnerable position. She is unable to speak of her true feelings or even vocalize her opinion on marriage. When her father enters late in Act 3 Scene 5 the plays central conflict is made obvious. By this time Romeo and Juliet have performed their marriage without any parental consent, which was an offense against her demanding father. After consummating this new union Juliet is brokenhearted and anxious after Romeo leaves the scene, she then has to deal with her father’s verbal lashing. His last words in the scene threaten her disownment and possible death: An you’l...

Importance of the Math Concept Area

Importance of the Math Concept Area Area is a mathematical term defined as the two-dimensional space taken up by an object, notes Study.com, adding that the use of area has many practical applications in building, farming, architecture, science, and even how much carpet youll need to cover the rooms in your house. Sometimes the area is quite easy to determine. For a square or rectangle, the area is the number of square units inside a figure, says Brain Quest Grade 4 Workbook. Such polygons have four sides, and you can determine the area by multiplying the length by the width. Finding the area of a circle, however, or even a triangle can be more complicated and involves the use of various formulas. To truly understand the concept of area- and why its important in business, academics, and everyday life- its helpful to look at the history of the math concept, as well as why it was invented. History and Examples Some of the first known writings about area came from Mesopotamia, says Mark Ryan in Geometry for Dummies, 2nd Edition. This high school math teacher, who also teaches a workshop for parents and has authored numerous math books, says that the Mesopotamians developed the concept to deal with the area of fields and properties: Farmers knew that if one farmer planted an area three times as long and twice as wide as another farmer, then the bigger plot would be 3 x 2 or six times as large as the samller one. The concept of area had many practical applications in the ancient world and in past centuries, Ryan notes: The architects of the pyramids at Giza, which were built about 2,500 B.C., knew how large to make each triangular side of the structures by using the formula for finding the area of a two-dimensional triangle.The Chinese knew how to calculate the area of many different two-dimensional shapes by about 100 B.C.Johannes Keppler, who lived from 1571 to 1630, measured the area of sections of the orbits of the planets as they circled the sun using formulas for calculating the area of an oval or circle.Sir Isaac Newton used the concept of area to develop calculus. So ancient humans, and even those who lived up through the Age of Reason, had many practical uses for the concept of area. And the concept became even more useful in practical applications once simple formulas were developed to find the area of various two-dimensional shapes. Formulas to Determine the Area Before looking at the practical uses for the concept of area, you first need to know formulas for finding the area of various shapes. Fortunately, there are many formulas used to  determine the area of polygons, including these most common ones: Rectangle A rectangle is a special type of quadrangle where all the interior angles are equal to 90 degrees and all opposite sides are the same length. The formula for finding the area of a rectangle is: A H x W where A represents the area, H is the height, and W is the width. Square A square is a special type of a rectangle, where all the sides are equal. Because of that, the formula for finding a square is simpler than that for finding a rectangle: A S x S where A stands for the area and S represents the length of one side. You simply multiply two sides to find the area, since all sides of a square are equal. (In more advanced math, the formula would be written as A S^2, or area equals side squared.) Triangle A triangle is a three-sided closed figure. The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite highest point is called the height (H). So the formula would be: A  ½ x B x H where A, as noted, stands for the area, B is the base of the triangle, and H is the height. Circle The area of a circle is the total area that is bounded by the circumference or the distance around the circle. Think of the area of the circle as if you drew the circumference and filled in the area within the circle with paint or crayons. The formula for the area of a circle is: A   Ãâ‚¬ x r^2 In this formula, A, is, again, the area, r represents the radius (half the distances from one side of the circle to the other), and Ï€ is a Greek letter pronounced pi, which is 3.14 (the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter). Practical Applications There are many authentic and real-life reasons where you would need to calculate the area of various shapes. For instance, suppose you are looking to sod your lawn; you would need to know the area of your lawn in order to purchase enough sod. Or, you may wish to lay carpet in your living room, halls, and bedrooms. Again, you need to calculate the area to determine how much carpeting to purchase for the various sizes of your rooms. Knowing the formulas to calculate areas will help you determine the areas of the rooms. For example, if your living room is 14 feet by 18 feet, and you want to find the area so that you can buy the correct amount of carpet, you would use the formula for finding the area of a rectangle, as follows: A H x WA 14 feet x 18 feetA 252 square feet. So you would need 252 square feet of carpet. If, by contrast, you wanted to lay tiles for your bathroom floor, which is circular, you would measure the distance from one side of the circle to the other- the diameter- and divide by two. Then you would apply the formula for finding the area of the circle as follows: A   Ãâ‚¬(1/2 x D)^2 where D is the diameter, and the other variables are as described previously. If the diameter of your circular floor is 4 feet, you would have: A   Ãâ‚¬ x (1/2 x D)^2A Ï€ x (1/2 x 4 feet)^2A 3.14 x (2 feet)^2A 3.14 x 4 feetA 12.56 square feet You would then round that figure off to 12.6 square feet or even 13 square feet. So you would need 13 square feet of tile to complete your bathroom floor. If you have a really original-looking room in the shape of a triangle, and you want to lay carpet in that room, you would use the formula for finding the area of a triangle. Youd first need to measure the base of the triangle. Suppose you find that the base is 10 feet. Youd measure the height of the triangle from the base to the top of the triangles point. If the height of your triangular rooms floor is 8 feet, youd use the formula as follows: A  ½ x B x HA  ½ x 10 feet x 8 feetA  ½ x 80 feetA 40 square feet So, youd need a whopping 40 square feet of carpet to cover the floor of that room. Make sure you have enough credit remaining on your card before heading to the home-improvement or carpeting store.

Catapult Definition, History, and Types

Catapult Definition, History, and Types Descriptions of Roman sieges of fortified cities invariably feature siege engines, the most familiar of which are the battering ram or aries, which came first, and the catapult (catapulta, in Latin). Here is an example from the first century A.D. Jewish historian Josephus on the siege of Jerusalem: 2. As for what is within the camp, it is set apart for tents, but the outward circumference hath the resemblance to a wall, and is adorned with towers at equal distances, where ​between the towers stand the engines for throwing arrows and darts, and for slinging stones, and where they lay all other engines that can annoy the enemy, all ready for their several operations.Josephus Wars. III.5.2 According to Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery, by Dietwulf Baatz, the most important sources of information on ancient siege engines come from ancient texts written by Vitruvius, Philo of Byzantium (third century B.C.) and Hero of Alexandria (first century A.D.), relief sculptures representing sieges, and artifacts found by archaeologists. The Meaning of the Word Catapult Etymology Online says the word catapult comes from the Greek words kata against and pallein to hurl, an etymology that explains the working of the weapon, since the catapult is an ancient version of the cannon. When Did the Romans Start to Use the Catapult? When the Romans first started using this type of weapon isnt known with certainty. It may have begun after the Wars with Pyrrhus (280-275 B.C.), during which the Romans had an opportunity to observe and copy Greek techniques. Valà ©rie Benvenuti argues that the inclusion of towers within Roman-built city walls from about 273 B.C. suggests that they were designed to hold siege engines. Early Developments in the Catapult In Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid, Josiah Ober says the weapon was invented in 399 B.C. by engineers in the employ of Dionysios of Syracuse. [See Diodorus Siculus 14.42.1.] Syracuse, in Sicily, was important to Megale Hellas, the Greek-speaking area in and around southern Italy [see: Italic Dialects]. It came into conflict with Rome during the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.). In the century after the one in which the Syracusans invented the catapult, Syracuse was home to the great scientist Archimedes. That early fourth century B.C. type of catapult is probably not the one most of us envision- a torsion catapult that throws stones to break down enemy walls, but an early version of the Medieval crossbow that shot missiles when the trigger was released. It is also called a belly-bow or gastraphetes. It was attached to a stock on a stand that Ober thinks could be moved a bit for aiming, but the catapult itself was small enough to be held by a person. Likewise, the first torsion catapults were small and probably aimed at people, rather than walls, like the belly-bow. By the end of the fourth century, however, Alexanders successors, the Diadochi, were using the large, wall-breaking stone-tossing, torsion catapults. Torsion Torsion means they were twisted to store energy for the release. Illustrations of the twisted fiber look like twisted skeins of knitting yarn. In Artillery as a Classicizing Digression, an article showing the lack of technical expertise of ancient historians who describe artillery, Ian Kelso calls this torsion the motive force of the wall-wrecking catapult, which he refers to as mural artillery. Kelso says that although faulty technically, the historians Procopius (6th century A.D.) and Ammianus Marcellinus (fl. mid-fourth century A.D.) give us valuable insight into siege engines and siege warfare because they were in the besieged cities. In On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes T. E. Rihll says there are three components for describing catapults: Power Source:BowSpringMissileSharpHeavyDesignEuthytonePalintone Bow and spring have been explained- the bow is the one like the crossbow, the spring involves torsion. Missiles were either sharp, like arrows and javelins or heavy and generally blunt even if not round, like stones and jars. The missile varied depending on the objective. Sometimes a besieging army wished to break down the city walls, but at other times it aimed to burn the structures beyond the walls. Design, the last of these descriptive categories hasnt yet been mentioned. Euthytone and palintone refer to different arrangements of the springs or arms, but both can be used with torsion catapults. Instead of using bows, torsion catapults were powered by springs made of skeins of hair or sinews. Vitruvius calls a two-armed (palintone) stone-thrower, powered by torsion (spring), a ballista. In The Catapult and the Ballista, J. N. Whitehorn describes the parts and operation of the catapult using many clear diagrams. He says the Romans realized rope was not a good material for the twisted skeins; that, generally, the finer the fiber, the more resiliency, and strength the twisted cord would have. Horsehair was normal, but womens hair was best. In a pinch horse or oxen, neck sinew was employed. Sometimes they used flax. Siege engines were covered protectively with hiding to prevent enemy fire, which would destroy them. Whitehorn says catapults were also used to create fires. Sometimes they hurled jars of the waterproof Greek fire. The Catapults of Archimedes Like the battering ram, animal names were given types of catapults, especially the scorpion, which Archimedes of Syracuse used, and the onager or wild ass. Whitehorn says Archimedes, in the last quarter of the third century B.C., made advances in artillery so that Syracusans could hurl enormous stones at Marcellus men during the siege of Syracuse, in which Archimedes was killed. Supposedly the catapults could hurl stones weighing 1800 pounds. 5. This was the siege equipment with which the Romans planned to assault the citys towers. But Archimedes had constructed artillery which could cover a whole variety of ranges, so that while the attacking ships were still at a distance he scored so many hits with his catapults and stone-throwers that he was able to cause them severe damage and harass their approach. Then, as the distance decreased and these weapons began to carry over the enemys heads, he resorted to smaller and smaller machines, and so demoralized the Romans that their advance was brought to a standstill. In the end Marcellus was reduced in despair to bringing up his ships secretly under cover of darkness. But when they had almost reached the shore, and were therefore too close to be struck by the catapults, Archimedes had devised yet another weapon to repel the marines, who were fighting from the decks. He had had the walls pierced with large numbers of loopholes at the height of a man, which were about a palms bre adth wide at the outer surface of the walls. Behind each of these and inside the walls were stationed archers with rows of so-called scorpions, a small catapult which discharged iron darts, and by shooting through these embrasures they put many of the marines out of action. Through these tactics he not only foiled all the enemys attacks, both those made at long range and any attempt at hand-to-hand fighting, but also caused them heavy losses.Polybius Book VIII Ancient Writers on the Topic of Catapults Ammianus Marcellinus 7 And the machine is called tormentum as all the released tension is caused by twisting (torquetur); and scorpion, because it has an upraised sting; modern times have given it the new name onager, because when wild asses are pursued by hunters, by kicking they hurl back stones to a distance, either crushing the breasts of their pursuers, or breaking the bones of their skulls and shattering them.Ammianus Marcellinus Book XXIII.4 Caesars Gallic Wars When he perceived that our men were not inferior, as the place before the camp was naturally convenient and suitable for marshaling an army (since the hill where the camp was pitched, rising gradually from the plain, extended forward in breadth as far as the space which the marshaled army could occupy, and had steep declines of its side in either direction, and gently sloping in front gradually sank to the plain); on either side of that hill he drew a cross trench of about four hundred paces, and at the extremities of that trench built forts, and placed there his military engines, lest, after he had marshaled his army, the enemy, since they were so powerful in point of number, should be able to surround his men in the flank, while fighting. After doing this, and leaving in the camp the two legions which he had last raised, that, if there should be any occasion, they might be brought as a reserve, he formed the other six legions in order of battle before the camp.Gallic Wars II.8 Vitruvius The tortoise of the battering ram was constructed in the same way. It had, however, a base of thirty cubits square, and a height, excluding the pediment, of thirteen cubits; the height of the pediment from its bed to its top was seven cubits. Issuing up and above the middle of the roof for not less than two cubits was a gable, and on this was reared a small tower four stories high, in which, on the top floor, scorpions and catapults were set up, and on the lower floors a great quantity of water was stored, to put out any fire that might be thrown on the tortoise. Inside of this was set the machinery of the ram, in which was placed a roller, turned on a lathe, and the ram, being set on top of this, produced its great effects when swung to and fro by means of ropes. It was protected, like the tower, with rawhide.Vitruvius XIII.6 References Origin of Greek and Roman Artillery, Leigh  Alexander; The  Classical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 5 (Feb. 1946), pp. 208-212. The Catapult and the Ballista, by J. N. Whitehorn;  Greece Rome  Vol. 15, No. 44  (May 1946), pp. 49-60. Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery, by Dietwulf Baatz;  Britannia  Vol. 9, (1978), pp. 1-17. Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid, by Josiah Ober;  American Journal of Archaeology  Vol. 91, No. 4 (Oct. 1987), pp. 569-604. The Introduction of Artillery in the Roman World: Hypothesis for a Chronological Definition Based on the Cosa Town Wall, by Valà ©rie Benvenuti;  Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 47 (2002), pp. 199-207. Artillery as a Classicizing Digression, by Ian Kelso;  Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte  Bd. 52, H. 1 (2003), pp. 122-125. On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes, by T. E.  Rihll;  The Annual of the British School at Athens  Vol. 101, (2006), pp. 379-383. Rihll, Tracey. The Catapult: A History. Kindle Edition, 1 edition,W estholme Publishing, January 23, 2007.

How do you envision the city of the future Essay

How do you envision the city of the future - Essay Example According to Terry Kirby (2011), â€Å"almost three quarters of the world’s population will live in large metropolises by 2050†. Therefore, what architects will be considering in designing buildings is more space that will accommodate large populations which would still make people feel free to move around. Consequently, cities will be having more high-rise buildings to maximize land areas. As Jason Bennetto (2011) suggests, the city will be designed by first analyzing how the place functions and how the people relate with each other. Through computer modeling the city could be designed to perfectly create not only the necessary buildings but also the spaces between them for better accessibility. Thus, it could be said that the future city will have many tall buildings which are arranged systematically for the ease and comfort of humans. Within the buildings, many spaces will also be created. Today’s architectural designs portray what might be adopted for future use in order to maximize the use of spaces. For instance, apartments for families perhaps will not be as wide as modern apartments but they will still be as comfortable and spacious for the whole family. This could be achieved by using a space for many purposes. For example, a space can be used as a reception area during the day and a study place in the evening which could also be turned into a bedroom when necessary. This could be achieved through the use of beds which could be folded to turn into chairs and tables and which could also be tucked away to create more space. Another likely innovation for the future city is one suggested by Dr. Rachel Armstrong, a lecturer at the University of Greenwich who specializes in innovative building materials. She suggests the use of â€Å"smart surfaces† which could be used for two or more purposes (Bennetto, 2011). This is similar to the illustration of interior designing mentioned above.

Renting an Apartment Is a Better Option than Buying a House Essay

Renting an Apartment Is a Better Option than Buying a House - Essay Example Correct economic decisions are very essential in the long run and can prove to be beneficial. One such economic decision relates to the choice with regard to renting an apartment or purchasing a house. This choice is an extremely important decision that needs to be taken with care as both renting an apartment and buying a house have their own positive points as well as drawbacks. There are supporters of both these decisions with a few people considering renting as a better option whereas the other group believes that buying is a much wiser decision. Thus, it can be said that renting and buying have their own benefits and drawbacks and a decision needs to be based according to personal needs and the option which serves as a more profitable settlement for the person. Renting is basically a process in which a person rents a house or an apartment for a living but does not have any ownership rights over the house. He has an obligation towards the landlord of a paying a fixed amount to him every month according to the joint decision taken by them. Renting can be considered to be a good option for people who choose to shift every now and then. This is because a person can easily leave a rented house and move to another city rather than having the burden of actually going through the process of selling his house after a few months. Thus it is argued that renting is the best option for people who do not wish to stay in one place for more than a period of two years (Rockwell Publishing Co. 2006, Law 2003). According to Thomas Z. Lys who is a professor of accounting at Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, "If you believe you'll be moving in the next four or five years, I'd rent." The New York Times carried out a survey in this regard and provided for the fact that owing to the rise in the prices of buying a house, renting is a very suitable option considering the economic factors. The analysis identified very important facts that renting an apartment w as a better and reasonable option if considered from the financial point of view.  

This about engineering class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

This about engineering class - Essay Example They also greatly support the tourism and hospitality industry of the country. These striking buildings incorporate a range of styles from neo-classical to high-tech modern and materials from sandstone to steel, concrete and glass and grapes the attention of the public. Each building has one or more features or functions that are very unique and hence, lead the structure to be known globally. One of the best examples of World Fair with large structure is Eiffel Tower which was initially built for the World’s Fair of 1889. The size of the structure makes a building special in the sense of its volume and uniqueness like the pyramids of Egypt, Sydney Opera House, Statue of Liberty, Burj Khalifa and skyscrapers and alike. The large buildings can be used for various purposes because to their usable space and area. Some of the world’s tallest structures known for their height are shown below: Petronas Twin Towers (RealChristianity). Shun Hing Square (Hasan). Eiffel Tower of P aris has become a global icon and one of the most familiar structures of the world. It is the most visited monument around the globe. It is 324 meters tall and it has been the tallest structure of the world for over forty years. Had Eiffel Tower been only 30 meters tall, it would not have been as significant and widely known as it is today.

Relation Between International Terrorism with Ethno-national Identity Essay

Relation Between International Terrorism with Ethno-national Identity Problem - Essay Example Majority of these theories accepted that cultural conflicts are one of the major reasons for international terrorism. Ethnicity is a community of people whose members recognize each other, on the basis of a common ancestry. On the other hand, nationalism is a political ideology that identifies people on the basis of a common nationality. For example, India is a secular democratic country in which Hindus, Muslims, Christians and lot of other religions are prominent. It should be noted all these people of different religion have different ethnicity. However, when it comes to nationalism, these people may not show any differences in their attitude with respect to ethnicity. For example, Indians all together celebrated their victory over Sri Lanka in 2011 ICC world cup one day cricket match competition. However, when it comes to terrorism, different religions in India have different attitudes. It has been accused by India that Pakistan is engaged in terrorist activities in Indian soil fo r the last few decades. Majority of the Indian people do believe that India’s claims are genuine. However, a minority groups in Indian Muslim community do believe that India is making unnecessary allegations against Pakistan. It should be noted that Indian Muslims and Pakistani Muslims have a common ethnicity. In short, ethnicity and nationalism can affect international terrorism in one way or another. This paper analyses the relation between International Terrorism and Ethno-national Identity problem. Terrorism and Ethno-national identity Nationalism, in particular, remains the pre-eminent rhetoric for attempts to demarcate political communities, claim rights of self-determination and legitimate rule by reference to ‘the people’ of the country. Ethnic solidarities and identities are claimed most often when groups do not seek ‘national’ autonomy but rather a recognition internal to or crosscutting national or state boundaries (Fenton and May, n.d., p .4). Ethnicity and nationalism are entirely different topics as far as international terrorism is concerned. For example, Mohamed Atta, a terrorist and one of the major culprits of the September 11 attacks was an Egyptian. Egypt is a country in which people of different ethnicities are staying together. Moreover, Egypt is keeping healthy relationships with United States for the past few decades. Same way, Osama Bin Laden’s origin was in Saudi Arabia and Saudi is one of the closest allies of America in Middle East. Under such circumstances, it was surprising for America to see the involvement of an Egyptian in 9/11 terrorist attack. It is evident that Atta and Osama decided to attack America, not because of America’s atrocities towards Egypt or Saudi Arabia, but because of America’s aggressive behaviors towards Muslim community in general. It should be noted that instead of attacking Egypt or Saudi Arabia, America started its war on terror in Iraq, Pakistan and A fghanistan in order to take revenge for the 9/11 incident. In other words, America realized that the role of Egypt as a nation in 9/11 incident is negligible compared to that of Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan provided secure shelter to Osama and his allies until recent times which clearly point towards the ethnic and national dimensions of international ter

Back ground - research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Back ground - research method - Essay Example Legislative corruption on the other hand relates to the mode of bribing the political authorities to gain undue advantage at a later stage (Kurer, 2005, p.234). However, this paper focuses on the embezzlement of funds by public officials. The paper tends to infer about the relation of the behavioral practices of embezzlement of funds by public administrators to the low basic salary received. Description of the Background of the Issue The menace of corruption related to embezzlement of Public Funds earns a vivid relation to the pattern of low payment structures offered to the public government officials. It is found that in economies like Tanzania the salary received by the public officials was not enough to cover up their domestic expenditures that contributed as one of the factors in enhancing the embezzlement behavior. This embezzlement practice of the Public Officials related to the tax revenues happens to render fiscal pressures on the economy of the region like Tanzania making i t weaker (Fjeldstad, 2003, p.165, 168-169). Relating to the above issue different instances would be incorporated from other literary sources reflecting on the relation of the embezzlement behavior of the government officials and their low salary structures. It would also focus on rendering effective recommendations thereof. . Description of the Literature Embezzlement of Funds by Public Administrators and its Impact on the Economy Myint (2000) states that one of the significant evidences of corruption in the hands of public government officials relates to the embezzlement of public funds for their own personal and domestic use. Public officials usually engage in embezzlement on an individual basis without third party intervention.. Embezzlement behavior of government officials bears a strong relation to the low salary payments provided to them that, in turn, fails to support their living conditions in this cost driven economy. Further, the embezzlement behavior of these government officials is found to render potential impacts on the economy of the emerging economies thereby increasing their internal and external debt and similarly deteriorating economic and social structure (Myint, 2000, p.35, 40, and 45). Ante (2010) reflects that the practice of the public or government officials relating to the embezzlement of public funds happen to render considerable impacts on the economic and social system of a country or region thereby affecting it both financially and structurally. In the case of emerging economies such types of exploitative practices of government officials drains on the regional economy and thereby tends to be one of the significant factors resulting to economic and social disparity. Drainage of funds kept for social or public use through embezzlement by public government officials contributes in enhancing the poverty level in the society at large. Growing levels of poverty thereby deprives the poor people from their social and economic rights (An te, 2010, p.249). Trebilcock and Prado (2011) observe that the activity related to embezzlement or misappropriation of public funds by government officials tends to have significant consequences pertaining to the large scale reduction of funds meant for development purposes. Thus, misappropriation of public funds deters the government body of the region to rightly and effectively pursue the goals set for programs like the United Nations Development Program to help cater for the needs

Relation Between International Terrorism with Ethno-national Identity Essay

Relation Between International Terrorism with Ethno-national Identity Problem - Essay Example Majority of these theories accepted that cultural conflicts are one of the major reasons for international terrorism. Ethnicity is a community of people whose members recognize each other, on the basis of a common ancestry. On the other hand, nationalism is a political ideology that identifies people on the basis of a common nationality. For example, India is a secular democratic country in which Hindus, Muslims, Christians and lot of other religions are prominent. It should be noted all these people of different religion have different ethnicity. However, when it comes to nationalism, these people may not show any differences in their attitude with respect to ethnicity. For example, Indians all together celebrated their victory over Sri Lanka in 2011 ICC world cup one day cricket match competition. However, when it comes to terrorism, different religions in India have different attitudes. It has been accused by India that Pakistan is engaged in terrorist activities in Indian soil fo r the last few decades. Majority of the Indian people do believe that India’s claims are genuine. However, a minority groups in Indian Muslim community do believe that India is making unnecessary allegations against Pakistan. It should be noted that Indian Muslims and Pakistani Muslims have a common ethnicity. In short, ethnicity and nationalism can affect international terrorism in one way or another. This paper analyses the relation between International Terrorism and Ethno-national Identity problem. Terrorism and Ethno-national identity Nationalism, in particular, remains the pre-eminent rhetoric for attempts to demarcate political communities, claim rights of self-determination and legitimate rule by reference to ‘the people’ of the country. Ethnic solidarities and identities are claimed most often when groups do not seek ‘national’ autonomy but rather a recognition internal to or crosscutting national or state boundaries (Fenton and May, n.d., p .4). Ethnicity and nationalism are entirely different topics as far as international terrorism is concerned. For example, Mohamed Atta, a terrorist and one of the major culprits of the September 11 attacks was an Egyptian. Egypt is a country in which people of different ethnicities are staying together. Moreover, Egypt is keeping healthy relationships with United States for the past few decades. Same way, Osama Bin Laden’s origin was in Saudi Arabia and Saudi is one of the closest allies of America in Middle East. Under such circumstances, it was surprising for America to see the involvement of an Egyptian in 9/11 terrorist attack. It is evident that Atta and Osama decided to attack America, not because of America’s atrocities towards Egypt or Saudi Arabia, but because of America’s aggressive behaviors towards Muslim community in general. It should be noted that instead of attacking Egypt or Saudi Arabia, America started its war on terror in Iraq, Pakistan and A fghanistan in order to take revenge for the 9/11 incident. In other words, America realized that the role of Egypt as a nation in 9/11 incident is negligible compared to that of Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan provided secure shelter to Osama and his allies until recent times which clearly point towards the ethnic and national dimensions of international ter

Short listening and assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short listening and assignment - Essay Example The instrumental roles of the drums are to provide brushes on the drums. Drums are beating out a categorical beat periodically as the performance ends (Ventnor43 2012). ii. Melody statements-Melody assertions in the performance have a head arrangement. The head arrangement originates from the lateral thinking around the 12-bar blue sample that encourages the same. In the 2nd chorus, Basie controls this chorus line with a head arrangement that commences with a two-chorus icebreaker (Ventnor43 2012). 4th Chorus: George Hunt comes into his solo on a trombone and the timbral distinction changes from the 3rd chorus so that the brass is soloing forthright and the reeds go together with the background (Ventnor43 2012). The name of the solo to be analyzed is the third chorus performance. This solo engages Herschel Evans coming into his solo on a saxophone escorted by riffs from the brass division. The solo was successful because it was such a popular tune and so simply accepted (Ventnor43 2012). My emotional response is that the solo was normal for big band swingers. The solo was normal between the soloing reed tone and the brass supplement. I liked the timbres because they were distinct and utilized to start out one chorus from the next. Even though Basie is not the only black artist to have endured pain this way, One O’clock Jump† pulls it out the best (Ventnor43

Blood Diamond Essay Example for Free

Blood Diamond Essay Africa was known as â€Å"The Dark Continent† during the Victorian Era, believed by Europeans to be a land where even the slightest trace of civilization tends to collapse under madness and savagery. It seems especially common for Europeans to assume that anyone who ventures into Africa would then sink into an irrevocable state of delirium. Such notion was amplified by Joseph Conrad, who, in Heart of Darkness, took Africa as a land so free from moral restraints that no civility could stand from being pulverized by its darkness. Blood Diamond, dating a hundred years after Heart of Darkness, presents a different view. Although the film seems to faithfully support the conventional view of Africa as a place that forces its inhabitants into madness, a closer examination of Blood Diamond shows that, quite the opposite of depicting Africa as The Dark Continent, the film actually rebuts the view by emphasizing the underlying grace of the land. Blood Diamond sends out the message that rather then being the other way around, it is the colonizers of Africa who are forcing the continent into its present state of violence and madness. Through contrasting between parts of Africa with assorted degrees of western influence, director Edward Zwick shows that Africa without colonization would be a land of peace and grace. This contrast is established between the depiction of an RUF (Revolutionary United Front) headquarters and an elusive school that lies within the immutable jungles of Africa. Zwick uses costume to represent western ideals brought to Africa through colonization when portraying the RUF headquarters. When Danny Archer first gets off the plane to do business with Commander Zero, the audience is introduced to a group of African teenagers dressed in shockingly familiar looking attires. Indeed Captain Rambo, a member of the RUF, is dressed in no way different from any North American boy. His clothing without doubt emulates the fashion of North American hip-hop generation. His wide sunglasses, baggy pants, and chain necklace all too well indicate western influence. It is only when he holds up a gun that the audience senses a strong odour of irony. The gangster image that prevails this RUF headquarters contrasts with a peaceful African community in the midst of the jungle, a community in which the effect of colonization is less apparent. In fact, Zwick speaks of this community as an â€Å"island of sanity†. The term â€Å"island† denotes not only a sense of isolation from the atrocity of the surrounding world, but also a sense of isolation from western influence. It is within this community that a group of child soldiers are carefully returned to life. Of these two African communities, the one that displays a crave for western ideals is the one that rears violence and madness, whereas the primitive jungle described as the very medium of suffocation in Heart of Darkness becomes the place where sanity is restored. Through contrasting between a world greatly influenced by colonization and a world that is not yet penetrable to its grasp, Blood Diamond clearly conveys the idea that it is the white people who are jeopardizing Africa’s graceful soul with their intrusion, and it is the colonizers of Africa who are ultimately responsible for any violence seen there today. Zwick also uses various types of shots to establish Africa as a graceful land. Although scenes of RUF troops committing heinous violence are omnipresent in Blood Diamond, Zwick does not forget to show what Africa was like before war and colonization. The use of master shots often precedes any scenes of violence in the film to constantly remind the audience of the majestic panorama of Africa. Shots of grand canyons, peaceful sunset, and misty cities again and again take the audience’ breath away. These shots are images of Africa entirely different from those underscoring problems of poverty and hunger commonly seen in media, thereby are all the more shocking. It is indeed hard for one to find a trace of savagery or madness in this landscape. Without these shots, one would laugh with an air dismissal when Dia says to his father â€Å"teacher says our country (Sierra Leone) was built to be an utopia†. But with these breathtaking images, the audience cannot help but to ruminate over Dia’s belief that â€Å"when the war is over, our country will become a paradise. Apart from using master shots, Blood Diamond also employs wide shots to convey similar ideas. The film opens with a wide shot of fishermen working against sunrise. In the shot, the black silhouettes moving quietly yet arduously against the breaking dawn of the sky effectively convey a sense of peace. By integrating various types of shots into the content of the film in a meaningful manner, Zwick successfully delivers his desire to show what Africa was like before colonization. These shots are key to establishing Africa as a land of peace before its colonizer’s arrival. Zwick also conveys the idea that it is the Europeans who are responsible Africa’s present chaotic state by probing the different meanings of diamond in Africa and in Europe. A character responsible for this layer of the film is a sadistic RUF mine general– General Poison. Following after the priceless diamond like an animal after the smell of carcass, General Poison is depicted as the very heart of distortion and madness throughout the film. In the prison scene, Zwick’s use of lighting and colour effectively turns General Poison into the icon of animosity similar to that described in Heart of Darkness. The prison scene is dominated by a sickly luscious combination of brown, green, and red, creating a canvas that is hunted by greed and fear. Here, Zwick plays around with the employment of fluorescence light to give General Posion the aura of a mad dog as he barks at Solomon Vandy. Yet General Poison reveals something rather astonishing near the end– he craves for that diamond not because of greed, like the diamond dealers in London, but because he wants to escape his own cruelty. â€Å"You think I am a devil, but it is only because I have been in hell. I want to get out, and you will help me†. This is what the general says to Solomon, and the audience learns that he too is a prisoner suffering from the effects of colonization. General Poison craves for that priceless diamond not because of the wealth it shall bring, but because it is his only ticket out. As soon as this is revealed, the audience learns that his devilish behaviour is not the result of his native instinct; rather, it is the result of having to cope with the values of white men. It is white people, the colonizers, who are forcing him into madness. Suffocated by the atrocity of colonization, he must act cruelly to free himself from his own madness. This internal irony shows that Africa is not a continent with the natural tendency to drive its inhabitants into madness; rather, the madness seen in the film is only the result of Africans trying to cope with the values of their colonizers. In Blood Diamond, Zwick effectively combines style and content to show that Africa is not a continent of darkness and savagery; rather, the moral dilapidation seen there today is the result of colonization. Indeed instead of pushing those who venture into its land beyond the boundaries of civilization, Africa is itself a prisoner and a sufferer. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the images outlined in Heart of Darkness become increasingly relegated from the status of a journal to that of a fiction. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the truth about Africa is slowly revealed. In a way, Blood Diamond has given Africa a testimony of its grace that is rather long overdue.

The operational issues affected by organisations

The operational issues affected by organisations The following essay looks at discussing the operational issues affecting the organization and identifying the strategic implications Terror Tubes. After read this case study, Terror Tubes is the Australian motor racing industry, they designs and manufactures custom-made high performance automotive exhaust system for Australia motor industry. The business was established by two time motor racing driver Sam Peters in 1974. The first place of business operated in Homebush; in 2000 they relocated to Blocktown. The company manufactures both custom performance and standard system, each being specifically tailored to engine in question. After the company become more famous and sales increased, therefore, company start focus on customer. Terror Tubes start making more popular items private to normal motorists wants to improve their performance. Terror Tubes quickly become Australian car industry distributor. Many problems still occur in Terror Tubes. The finance situation not as good as we s ee, furthermore, Terror tubes made contract with super car have initial stocking and companys reputation grew and sales increased, Terror Tubes got both side supplier and racing industry respected. Thus, few months later the sales of supper car continue increased. The customer systems were always very sensitive on problems on higher sales. However, Sam and Phil look over all the process of terror tubes, customer still would like to buy sales products, in other hand, customer designed system steadily increased, thus, the relative cost keep increase, and costs associated is continue increasing, from accounting found out the company cannot make any good profit as they expected. expensive public warehouse space has been rented, however, Sam is very concerned with increased lead time for custom and standard orders, it going to take long time to delivery, capacity is being pushed, and between both side they have contract. In other side, Phil is also very worried the company is going to ve ry hard to achieve the demand created. Thus , the effect of the new contract with super car , all overall impact this new demand for new systems for the customer. Therefore, the following essay will analyse the production process used by Terror Tubes, and the advantages and disadvantages of new contract for super car and Terror Tube, after will discuss the daily operational decisions required to current operating conditions for the company. Final, the essay will cover the producing financial structure will be discussed. Discussion According to (Gardiner D, 2006) the production process can be defined as the process of converting inputs into outputs. The inputs could be materials, customers, labour, energy, components, ideas, machines or requirements. In other hand, the outputs could be finished products, satisfied customers, or unsatisfied customers, components, subassemblies, developed ideas. The foundation of production process is to find something necessary to add into process that take inputs and transforms them into outputs, if this transformation is performed well so customer will satisfy. The production process is happened various industries ,the inputs include any starting position for a product or service, as an example, a bakery manufacture would have flour,sugar,flavourings,packaging,energy,and people skills, the production process is people mixing ingredients, baking, after cooked packing the bakery, finish all the process distributing to the manufactures, output after all the production process all the flour become buns, bread, muffins, delivered to warehouse or retail stored. This is very simple examples of inputs into outputs process same as service industries. As seen in this case, Terror tubes relocated twice and now the Blocktwon which is currently address is double bigger than old factory in homebush, for the company originally was conceived to supply to motor racing industry specialty exhaust system, after the company focused on custom-built system. Therefore the factory layout group member tube cuters working together, tube bonder in another, a separate sledding section, also the craftspeople will use high tech engineer equipment to provide the flexibility needed for producing custom system. The quality of the finished product reflects the craftsmanship of the individual workers. Both of standard system and custom processing in the same time on same equipment by the sam craftspeople. (Morrroni M, 1992)Furthermore, in Terror Tubes, the quality and demand is very important for this company. Thus, the production process needs to have better support from outside to make this process more successful. Between the Terror Tube with Super Car created new contract, the effective contract involved advantages and disadvantages on Terror Tubes operations, firstly, Terror Tube was originally supply specialty exhaust systems to the motor racing industry, and Super Car is a big distributor and they supplied very high exhaust systems. Therefore, Terror Tubes operation after have the effects of the new contract with Super Car they may need to produce more exhaust systems provided to the Super Car, both of company can have long term trade relationship. The advantage of Terror Tube signed the new contract with Super Car, Terror Tube can make more profit, and make sales increase, and also the productivity will improve as well. Thus, Terror Tubes reputation will grew, more and more demand maybe come from other company. The disadvantage of Terror Tube signed the new contract with Super Car happened in this case is Terror Tube did not achieving the day line, they overtime production ¼Ã…’in addition, Super Car cannot have product to give to the customers, so both side will be not happy with each other including the customer will not satisfied with the supplier. In other hand, Terror Tubes rented very expensive warehouse space, therefore, in this side, the company have to pay lots of money for the rent, they cannot finish the production of the product so they loss profit, cannot make any money, the companys profit margin is very low. Compare both side advantage and disadvantage effects the new contract between Super Car and Terror Tubes ¼Ã…’it is very important for the people working in the company to over read the disadvantages and try to help the company can reach the goals make more advantages. The daily operational decisions required under current operating conditions for the companys operational to run effectively, also Terror Tube leaders need to make lots of decisions to adjust this company. Before make decision the leaders have to very clear what company goals after to achieve goals effectively. First of all, Terror Tubes involved many things to concern such as make daily product decisions. According to (Gardiner D.2006) operations managements are the activities for creating, implementing, and improving process that production process resources, such as raw materials, technologies and labour. And it is to set of decisions across the value chain the support the implementation of higher level business strategies. Therefore, employees should make lots of improvement and try to not waste anything. It is very important for all the employees should know the company roles, and company will be increase the production standard or custom serves (Kim B Oh H, 2005). In addition, before the manufacture start making products. They have to very clearly about all the product, equipment, customer demand, or quantity of the production, be preparing everything to avoid over the due day. (Puig F et al,2009) in this case, Terror Tubes need to operation run effectively, the factory have to prepare all the material, all the equipment is safe also have enough employees come to work for the company. For Terror Tubes this case, they still have engine problems. Rather than with new standard systems no as good we can see, how many product you produce is depends on the markets, somehow, some emergency situations maybe happened the companies have to take seriously concern about. (Fransoo J, 1993) Thus, market price change every day, and more competitors, this is also very important operational decisions for the company in the future. In other hand, we should very careful about market price no matter material or any relate price has increase the price, then Terror Tubes has t o increase the price to maintain make more profit. According to (Seppa R,2007)there more operational decision for the companys operations, for instance, make more advertisements or promotion decision, we can spent little bit money on the advertisements like TV show, magazine, news paper and so on, to promote our product. Furthermore, there is one more operational decision is focusing on different type of group people and trying to sale in different age, gender, different levels, for the company, we have to find very good marker, which is the people sale lots of products. (Seppa R, 2007)One more I think is the most useful one is, find more investor like shareholders or some customer whom interest in this type of investment. Make agreement with them,they may not very good operational decision, but more people more money help the company more successful, the company can reduce and more control the expenses , from another point of view it might lost control, loss profit, or more problem coming up. For instance, in this case, Terror Tubes had really serious problem, they overtime production, most money cannot use, and lots of cost continually increase, so if the Terror Tube found more people join in company, it may reduce the risk of compensation of over time, the company might hire more employees, bring in more equipment to help the factory produce more products. So overtime will not happen in the fureture. And Terror Tube can make more profit, and more demand will keep increase.(Mughal H Osborne R,1995). Last one is effect the move to producing standard systems has had on the companys financial structure. Firstly, the company has not been operating good as we can see, their financial position was very low, they spend lots of money buy a material, and associated expense has increased. Also Terror Tubes rented very expansive warehouse have big space. Therefore, this company financial position not good at all. In this case, as Terror Tubes was supply specialty exhaust systems to the motor racing industry, after they change the line to produce the products to normal cars and had agreement with Super Car, this is advantage for the Terror Tubes, because Super Car is national car industry, might effects on the Terror Tubess financial structure.(Spina G Verganti R,2002).Terror Tubes at beginning keep increase the products on sales, that is attract a lot of customer to buy the products made very good profits. According to (Walters D,2004) in this case, Terror Tubes had start producing differ ent products, so they have to pay the taxes every year. This is not good as they are in bad situations. Therefore, Terror Tube might join other enterprise; it may help the company and increase the financial problems. Conclusion Finally, this essay has been talk about Terror Tubes current production processes, is a manufacture in Australian produce the car exhaust systems to motor racing industry, after the companys reputation grew, more and more demand from customers. Also this essay discussed the advantages and disadvantages on Terror Tubes and Super Car made new contract. It is good when they signed new contract, Super Car have big demand for the products, and help the Terror Tubes make more profit, more promotion. In other hand, many disadvantage happed after this contract, because many demand form customer, manufactory can not finish producing all the products to the customer, which is not good, for instance, Terror Tubes has to produce those products as fast as possible, to keep good relationship between the demand and supplier. Furthermore, the daily operational decisions required under current operations conditions for the companys operations, the decision making by the managers ,production decision should be more quickly, more prepare and price depends on raw material, thus, I gave some of my personal suggestion to this company, find investor whom interest in this kind of business, and make good profit, join in the company help the company to reduce the problem, for example, put more advertisement etc. finally , this article talk about the producing start systems on positive way and negative way, also the companys financial structure. As I mentioned many problems happened in financial position, if Terror Tube might join other enterprise, it may help the company saving the problems, and start makes profit.

Not Revolutionary Enough Essay -- American History, The American Revol

For years, tensions between the colonies and England had been escalating. New taxes, unkept promises, and a more prominent presence of British soldiers set tempers rising within the colonies. Rebel groups such as the Sons of Liberty began appearing throughout the troubled colonies. While looking back at this time, historians can predict the Revolution several decades before it happened. When it was all said and done, a new country was born with a brand new institution of government. However, this so-called revolutionary war as more of a social uprising than an actual revolution. A revolution is a social construct that not only creates something brand new, but also eradicates the old system. A revolution must take the old society’s rules throw them out a window and start from scratch with ideas no one has ever thought of before. Moreover, revolutions do not tend to be organized, and even the better-organized ones fail because of corrupt leadership or just the inefficiency of the system. One aspect in society being changed is not a revolution. In addition, these changes cannot be toddler-sized steps; they have to be over the edge steps. For decades before the America’s have been slowly evolving. The idea of actual representation as opposed to virtual representation was beginning to take hold, and after the Revolution, the newly founded country turned to this new idea of actual representation (Van Lanen, 9/26). Therefore, the new form of government the United Stated founded was actually an improvement on their colonial governments. Radical change did not happen in American, however a progressive change that took time to take hold happened which is well outside the ideas of a revolution. An example of a real revolution would be ... ...volution that did not extend the hand of liberty to all inhabitants living within their borders. The American Revolution did create a new system of government that the world had never seen before. The ideas of unalienable rights, and property requirements for voting were groundbreaking for the era. However, almost every ideal the Americans introduced were modified versions of another system. Notions, such as actual representation, democracy, and compassionate marriages, all stemmed from another source. The Enlightened thinkers influenced the writers of the Constitution and Declaration, thus their ideals are found within the documents. Indeed, the Revolution changed the societal and political lives of its citizens, but the change was not enough. Other examples from history show much more radical revolutions, in which the American Revolution just does not compare.

Washington Square :: Essays Papers

Washington Square I’m depressed. Well, how could I not be? I just finished reading Washington Square. I’m happy it’s over, but I’m not happy I finished it. No, that doesn’t make sense does it? Lets just say, I had a feeling how it was going to end up; I just hoped that I would be wrong. Unfortunately the one time I didn’t want to be right I was. Isn’t that the way it always works? I guess so. Catherine, dear plain old, Catherine. Poor girl, father thinks she’s plain, she thinks she’s plain, her aunt thinks she’s plain, even the man who she thinks loves her thinks she’s plain. Although James erases this thought in the beginning of the book I still believe it, â€Å"plain† equals â€Å"ugly†. I feel so bad for her but I guess you had to have what happened to her happen, or else we wouldn’t have such a depressing story. I tell you though, I’m glad my daddy isn’t rich or I would swear off guys as well. I felt so horrible when I knew before her what Morris was like. Which brings me to Morris Townsend. He’s a rat, I smelt a rat from the beginning but I figured it was just because for me guys for the most part are always rats. But of course he was after her money, she was â€Å"plain† and her father was â€Å"rich† no her father wasn’t â€Å"rich†. By god he was rich. So Catherine’s got a big dowry, lots of money, but she’s â€Å"plain†. Oh, well the money will compensate. This shows you the kind of man he is. Well at least it erases the theory that women are gold diggers. James makes the reader dislike Catherine’s father. He makes him seem like an insensitive uncaring prick, but I really don’t think he is. Yes I know parents are supposed to think that their child is the most beautiful thing in the world but hey, that theory’s over rated. It’s not that he didn’t love his daughter; he just knew the truth. He was realistic about the entire idea of this strikingly handsome man falling head over heals in love with his daughter who isn’t the greatest looking chick in the world. Something doesn’t quite fit.

Bully In schools Essay

At times people tend to fear for their lives especially when being intimidated by someone who has a stronger might than them. By this the common term in today’s society is known as Bullying. Bullying is the use of force, threat, by pressuring one to be abused, intimidated, or imposing domination over others through fear. To this Sort of issue there are two sides to this manner, by one imposing threat with a result of being maliciously handled and the other being intimated by the dominant opponent who is pressing upon the weaker person. To as much as this may occur in America there are many ways to being bullied. There is verbal bullying which involves being harassed or picked on. Another one of the most common bullying today is cyber bullying which involves being bullied on the internet by perpetrators who are sickly involve to embarrass one individual because of features, gender, et cetera due to unjust hate and prejudice. Lastly another type of bullying is the Physical aspect of imposing fear by using abusive touches, by which one is maliciously abused or attacked. Bullying in schools has taken a height in violence and abuse where groups of students are not able to go to school due to intimidation and fear. This proposal will focus on the prevalence’s of bullying, why students and others should really care, and ways to address the issues of progressive bullying for future events. There are issues in which bullying shows the cases of Verbal-Bullying, Cyber-Bullying, and Physical –Bullying which can be all resolved with that of prevention strategies, which can restrict bullying by doing more than just creating programs to hope preventing bullying in schools. Verbal bullying is the cause of how bullies carryout there plans to intimidate, basically is the starting process. Many are times where we as ordinary unique people naturally hate to be teased by anybody that we do not  like or may not even know. The NICHD said that bullying can be â€Å"belittling insults about looks and speech where a common form of bullying won’t be identified† (Greenya, 2005). By this bullying at one point was mainly an era of just insults that cite violence and just plainly making in front of someone that is smaller and weaker. â€Å"Many victims of verbal bullying are affected in very real ways. Verbal bullying can affect one’s self image, and affect someone in emotional and psychological ways. This type of bullying can lead to low self-esteem, as well as depression and other problems. It can aggravate problems that a victim may already be experiencing at home or in other places. In some cases, verbal bullying can reach a point where the victim is so depressed† (Greenya, 2005). Bullying has evolved to playing around or joking around to simply insulting a person by just talking or teasing that person, and in most cases in verbal bullying is the foundation of different types bullying that are happening today. Verbal bullying can be the case of a fourth grader who is being teased around by his or her classmates who do not think he or she is cool enough to hang with them. â€Å"According to the report, more than half of the 8,289 students who committed acts of harassment or bullying were in grades 5 through 8†(McGlone, 2013) in schools. The â€Å"funny† thing is that â€Å"seventy-seven percent of bullying was verbal† (McGlone, 2013) during a school year. With statistics at high in schools calls for some attention in some cases especially dealing with scenarios like name calling which also should call for some disciplinary charges from the teacher or headmaster (principal) who can stop the abuse by initiating equality amongst the students i n the sense that no matter the differences there should never be bullying. Verbal bullying is more than just game playing or name calling is the cause of most social problems for some children. The way things form in school will also be happening in other places like workplaces and other places of companionship. When a child is being teased in school they are six out of ten times to skip school. If verbal abuse cannot seem to stop there will be other ways of abuse, therefore the ways to stop verbal bullying by people, and students like â€Å"Ignore the bully: This is difficult, but if you can shrug off insults and provide no reaction, there is a chance that eventually the bully will move on to someone who provides a more interesting and responsive target, Remain civil: Do not resort to rudeness yourself. Many bullies lose interest if you  do not sink to their level. Also, if you act rudely and aggressively yourself, you may invite a physical confrontation, which could add physical hurts to the emotional. Look for other sources of enjoyment: After school activities and other interests and hobbies can help you take your mind off of the verbal bullying.†(Greenya, 2005). By just putting on a straight face cannot help prevent future situations so getting more awareness and standing up for somebody can be a perfect way to alleviate stress and mental pains.   Cyber bullying is another extremism of harassment which can be insulting, threatening or even spreading rumors about an individual online. Even though cyber bullying is a social problem in the United States, individuals who are in power to do things should try and improve-bullying. In the article of CQ Researcher about bullying â€Å"the senator of Indiana Tom Wyss proposed anti-bullying legislation after seeing reports on the news investigating bullying in his state†( Billitteri, 2008). The senator recalls â€Å"Of kids getting beat up; of girls saying things on the internet like so-and-so is sleeping with so-and-so† (Billitteri, 2008) are common ideals of cyber bullying in schools and in public. Some of the perspectives of cyber- bullying are â€Å"sending mean messages or threats to a person’s email account or cell phone, spreading rumors online or through texts, posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites or web pages, stealing a person’s account information to break into their account and send damaging messages† (Koch, 2000). For a senator to see comments like that online is enough proof to that cyber bullying is taking its peak. The senator went on to push for better support on anti-bullying, after seeing that children are committing suicide and suicide itself is on the rise. Another way one should look at bullying is the fact that some students are willing to go to the extreme by just ousting their problems. â€Å"In the October 1997 a student in Pearl, Miss., murdered his mother, then opened fire on classmates, killing two students and wounding seven. Two months later came the Paducah shootings. In 1998 two middle-school students in Jonesboro, Ark., killed four students and a teacher and wounded nine others† (Billitteri, 2008). In some or most cases the result from embarrassment online depending on the victim is seven out of ten times to commit suicide. Suicide is a very sudden thought to killing oneself due to thoughts of impoverished feelings due to  aggression and embarrassment. Suicide killing in the United States is a very common act especially for young teens from ages fourteen to their adult age of twenty-one. There are ways to address cyber bullying in points which are â€Å"Talking to teens about cyber bullying, explaining that it is wrong and can have serious consequences. Make a rule that teens may not send mean or damaging messages, even if someone else started it, or suggestive pictures or messages or they will lose their cell phone and computer privileges for a time, Encourage teens to tell an adult if cyber bullying is occurring. Tell them if they are the victims they will not be punished, and reassure them that being bullied is not their fault† (Hansing, 2004). Those are the ways of dealing with cyber bullying and also getting authority to be involved. Another result of cyber bullying is going on from the stepping stone from cyber bullying to physical abuse in other terms physical bullying. Nobody likes to be embarrassment or abuse on the internet which of course is a total disgrace and a bred of shame. Physical Bullying is another form of abuse which is done with malice. Nobody likes to be abused just because their overweight issues, sexual orientation or uniqueness. Many times researchers say that people who have been bullied in school are mostly because they are overweight, gay or et cetera. The result of these end up in physical abuse which is either a kid getting beat up by two or more kids who are more stronger and effective in number. â€Å"A lot of the issues that kids get into fights over are the same as they were 25 years ago,† he says. â€Å"What’s turn to weapons to end a dispute† (Koch, 2000). By this happening children who are beat up are most likely eight times out of ten times aware of danger next time before it happens again. The serious issue in the United States is decreasing the rate of teen suicide. Most of the reasons for teenage suicide is mainly due to physical abuse. This is a case that is not to be taken lightly as it is serious issue. According to CQ research â€Å"Gay students are also three to seven times more likely to attempt suicide; five times likely to miss school because they feel unsafe; four times as likely to be threatened with a weapon at school, and three times as likely to be hurt so badly in a fight that they need medical attention†(John Greenya, 2005). The case of bully because one is gay is very silly and senseless due to the fact that there is no  discipline from teachers and the headmaster. What are the ways to prevent physical abuse? Nobody really wants to step up to tackle physical bullying that is why there needs to be more reinforcements in how to prevent physical abuse. In the case of bullying and other abuses, there are ways to stop bullying and other kinds of abuses. The verbal bullying can be stopped by just reporting to a higher authority. For example a child of the age of five who is picked on by a group of students, the child can report to the teacher who is has the authority to punish the other students for abusing verbally. Another aspect of bullying which of course is cyber bullying which deals with abuses or the spreading of rumors online can be stopped can by simply contacting the authorities like the policemen who can resolve issues by handling the matter of the abuse. Lastly the aspect of physical bullying can be dealt with by taking the matter to court depending on how serious the abuse is, also pressing charges is a way dealing with matter. â€Å"Understand that the accusations, allegations, criticisms, taunts etc that the bullies make are all false and are a projection of the bullies’ own weaknesses, shortcomings, wrongdoings and failings. Whilst the accusations often contain a grain of truth, that grain of truth is there to fool you into thinking the whole accusation has validity, which it does not. The bullies’ have criticisms, allegation, accusation, taunts etc have no validity whatsoever. It is important to understand this† (Field, 2012) Bullying can be dealt with in so many ways it is the amount of support behind if that would have people looking at it as bad character instead of belittling it as a tease. Bullying is something of a disgrace in society where it has no control nor can it be subdued. Day by day four out of ten people in the United States of America commit suicide due to bullying, which is definitely not the answer nor is it a cure, it is simply taking your own life because of dis tress and nobody to back you up. The only way to get rid of a problem is to find a solution and the case with bullying in general is reporting. Annotated Bibliography Billitteri, Thomas J. â€Å"Discipline in Schools.† CQ Researcher 15 Feb. 2008: 145-68. Web. 24 Nov. This article talks about the differences in the schools and how school official are not doing enough to straighten issues in school one of which is bullying. There are many issues with bullying especially the aspects of the physical bullying and point which need to be address in schools. Students are not behaving like the way they should behave as the young academicians in schools. All of these are due to the fact there are more privileges being given to the wrong students who are empower to control student associations and et cetera. This article was very helpful to me due the fact there were lots of information take from in the article that were plentiful. Some of the quotes that are used in the article talk about rumours that talk â€Å"Of kids getting beat up; of girls saying things on the internet like so-and-so is sleeping with so-and-so† which show some the petty things people say. This quote will be used especially to talk about the things mentioned from a speech of a former governor of Indiana. This source is credible to the fact that it backs with some of the major events taken place in chronological order such a case â€Å"In the October 1997 a student in Pearl, Miss., murdered his mother, then opened fire on classmates, killing two students and wounding seven. Two months later came the Paducah shootings. In 1998 two middle-school students in Jonesboro, Ark., killed four students and a teacher and wounded nine others†. During these events students were both bullied and victims of attacks. These quotes will be used to talk about the physical and verbal aspects of bullying in schools. Field, Tim. â€Å"How to Combat Child Bullying and Tackle Bullying at SchoolExcerpts Summarised Tim Field’s BookBullycide: Death at Playtime.† How to Combat School Bullying, Action to Tackle School Bullying and How to Overcome Child Bullying. N.p., 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. This article is more of an informative article which tells us different ways to accept bullying and dealing with bullying by coping with the abuse. The article was written in a British journal to deal with different causes of bullying like mass suicide. If really noticed there is a phrase in the title named â€Å"Bullycide† which refers to the cause and effects in one word. Bullying which results in extreme cases such as suicide. This article would make the reader think well and feel the need to do something to change wayward  attitudes towards bullying. The author explain different types that have affected him due to the fact he was not cool or some type of way with his mates. The author went through physical abuse where in London he was bullied nearly everyday of the week at secondary school level, but the author used a quote that explains the strengths of standing out abuse like â€Å"â€Å"Understanding that the accusations, allegations, criticisms, taunts etc that the bullies make are all false and are a projection of the bullies’ own weaknesses, shortcomings, wrongdoings and failings. Whilst the accusations often contain a grain of truth, that grain of truth is there to fool you into thinking the whole accusation has validity, which it does not. The bullies’ have criticisms, allegation, accusation, taunts etc have no validity whatsoever. It is important to understand this† issue is for just a little while before there is a solution. Greenya, John. â€Å"Bullying.† CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 2005: 101-24. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. This article talks about the problems with bullying and perspectives of bullying in schools which causes problems for students who are trying to learn at school but end up skipping due to bullying. All of these are due to the fact there are more privileges being given to the wrong students who are empower to control student associations and et cetera. Students are described as the future of tomorrow in western societies. This article was found useful which talk about the difference in American schools and due to sexual orientation, gender, races things you know? like prejudice. Some of the quotes seen in this paper or used in the paper were used to talk about the verbal implied abuse like when in the article cites the superintendent of an Chicago county quoting what someone said by â€Å"belittling insults about looks and speech where a common form of bullying that won’t be identified†. Another quote from the article talk about the â€Å"verbal bullying can reach a point where the victim is so depressed† and feels the need to commit suicide. One of the issues that is very, very current talks about the â€Å"Gay students who are also three to seven times more likely to attempt suicide; five times likely to miss school because they feel unsafe; four times as likely to be threatened with a weapon at school, and three times as likely  to be hurt so badly in a fight that they need medical attention† from all the bruises collected from fighting. These quotes are useful due to the fact that it talks about the abuse children are getting whether their personal beliefs or just for the perpetrators amusement to be a prick. Hansen, Brian. â€Å"Hazing leading to Bullying.† CQ Researcher 9 Jan. 2004: 1-24. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. This article talks about the impressions form a simple hazing to do things are uncommon. One of the examples that can explain this is when Scott Krueger, a freshman from New York, went into a coma and died after binge drinking 15 shots of whiskey during a hazing ritual at MIT for the now-banned Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. Part of this article focuses on the abuse being used when children are being overzealous or pressured to do something that is not allowed. Just imagine this young individual whose life have wasted due to the â€Å"coolness† of fraternity. Bullying was a key factor in the life of Scott Krueger which led to his death. This article was helpful to me due to the fact it explains avenues in which bullying can be proven. The quote used in the proposal was â€Å"Talking to teens about bullying, explaining that it is wrong and can have serious consequences. Make a rule that teens may not send mean or damaging messages, even if someone else started it, or suggestive pictures or messages or they will lose their cell phone and computer privileges for a time, Encourage teens to tell an adult if cyber bullying is occurring. Tell them if they are the victims they will not be punished, and reassure them that being bullied is not their fault†. This quote falls under the cyber bullying where I painted picture of what if someone did not do something but then was threatened cyberly on the internet. Koch, Kathy. â€Å"Zero Tolerance for School Violence.† CQ Researcher 10 Mar. 2000: 185-208. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. This article talks about the â€Å"A series of schoolyard mass killings in recent years has prompted school officials and lawmakers to impose mandatory punishments for a multitude of misbehaviors, many of them seemingly minor.  Proponents credit tough disciplinary policies with driving school crime rates down. But critics question their effectiveness and worry about the impact the policies are having on individual rights. And civil rights advocates say the policies are being used to kick out minority, disabled and academically challenged students who might drag down standardized test scores. But the latest school violence — the shooting of a Michigan first-grader on Feb. 29 by another 6-year-old — left little doubt that zero-tolerance policies will remain in force†. This phrase was pulled to talk about the widespread of abuse is creeping in schools. This article was helpful to me due to the abuse and violence in schools that need to be approached by law makers. One of the quotes used in the article goes on the physical, cyber and verbal aspect of bullying and can be identified through â€Å"sending mean messages or threats to a person’s email account or cell phone, spreading rumors online or through texts, posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites or web pages, stealing a person’s account information to break into their account and send damaging messages† which can be used as a source of evidence to send the authorities. McGlone, Peggy. â€Å"Bullying Incidents Dropped Sharply in N.J. Public Schools Last Year, Report Finds.† NJ.com. N.p., 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. This article talks about the results from taking a stand against bullying whether in school or outside of school in New Jersey. This article shows that bullying in schools have drastically been dropped. This article used logos by citing numbers and percentages of how went down and what the key steps are in tackling bullying. One of the quotes used in the article for to my proposal was According to the report, more than half of the 8,289 students who committed acts of harassment or bullying were in grades 5 through 8 in schools. Which is to say that some of the actions taken in New Jersey schools were for children who were able to learn the differences of teasing and picking on students. Another quote used in this article was talking about the percentages which another form of logos when stating that out of the students who took surveys for verbal bullying â€Å"77 percent of the bullying was verbally abused† in schools. The quotes from the articles will talk about the reasoning in the aspects of getting verbally abused in  primary and secondary schooling.